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R: What do you call the :: and ::: operators and how do they differ? [duplicate]

What are the double colons (::) in R?blogdown index.Rmd uses `:::` instead of `::` to specify package, Why?What is dependency injection?Which equals operator (== vs ===) should be used in JavaScript comparisons?Does Python have a ternary conditional operator?What is the !! (not not) operator in JavaScript?What is the “-->” operator in C++?What is JSONP, and why was it created?Reference — What does this symbol mean in PHP?What are the basic rules and idioms for operator overloading?What does the C ??!??! operator do?Why don't Java's +=, -=, *=, /= compound assignment operators require casting?

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0

1

This question already has an answer here:

• 
  What are the double colons (::) in R?
  
  2 answers
  
  

I'm wondering how the functions of the :: and ::: operators differ in R.

However, I can't figure out what these operators are called and so a google or SO search has not proven helpful. I also get an error when I try ?:: in R.

So...

1. What are the :: and ::: operators called?




2. How do :: and ::: differ? (i.e., what exactly does each do)?

r operators terminology

share|improve this question

edited Jan 12 '17 at 3:24

theforestecologist

asked Jan 11 '17 at 3:18

theforestecologisttheforestecologist

1,73222648

marked as duplicate by hrbrmstr r
Users with the  r badge can single-handedly close r questions as duplicates and reopen them as needed.

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Jan 11 '17 at 4:07

This question has been asked before and already has an answer. If those answers do not fully address your question, please ask a new question.

• 
  
  
  

  
  2
  

  
  
  
  
  
  

  
  
  what-are-the-double-colons-in-r stackoverflow.com/questions/35240971/…
  
  – thelatemail
  Jan 11 '17 at 3:20
  
  

  
  
  
  


• 
  
  
  

  
  1
  

  
  
  
  
  
  

  
  
  @hrbrmstr Though I certainly agree that the two questions should be linked, I disagree that my question should be closed as a duplicate. My question is really asking a separate question not asked nor answered in the question you've linked. My question asks how the two colon operators differ.
  
  – theforestecologist
  Jan 11 '17 at 4:12
  

  
  
  
  


• 
  
  
  

  
  

  
  
  
  
  
  

  
  
  "see the help files... ?'::' " (the first comment) is all you needed from that link. it's def a dup. petition to have it reopened. i'm sure you'll find some sympathetic moderators.
  
  – hrbrmstr
  Jan 11 '17 at 4:18
  
  

  
  
  
  

add a comment | 

0

1

This question already has an answer here:

• 
  What are the double colons (::) in R?
  
  2 answers
  
  

I'm wondering how the functions of the :: and ::: operators differ in R.

However, I can't figure out what these operators are called and so a google or SO search has not proven helpful. I also get an error when I try ?:: in R.

So...

1. What are the :: and ::: operators called?




2. How do :: and ::: differ? (i.e., what exactly does each do)?

r operators terminology

share|improve this question

edited Jan 12 '17 at 3:24

theforestecologist

asked Jan 11 '17 at 3:18

theforestecologisttheforestecologist

1,73222648

marked as duplicate by hrbrmstr r
Users with the  r badge can single-handedly close r questions as duplicates and reopen them as needed.

StackExchange.ready(function()
if (StackExchange.options.isMobile) return;

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Jan 11 '17 at 4:07

This question has been asked before and already has an answer. If those answers do not fully address your question, please ask a new question.

• 
  
  
  

  
  2
  

  
  
  
  
  
  

  
  
  what-are-the-double-colons-in-r stackoverflow.com/questions/35240971/…
  
  – thelatemail
  Jan 11 '17 at 3:20
  
  

  
  
  
  


• 
  
  
  

  
  1
  

  
  
  
  
  
  

  
  
  @hrbrmstr Though I certainly agree that the two questions should be linked, I disagree that my question should be closed as a duplicate. My question is really asking a separate question not asked nor answered in the question you've linked. My question asks how the two colon operators differ.
  
  – theforestecologist
  Jan 11 '17 at 4:12
  

  
  
  
  


• 
  
  
  

  
  

  
  
  
  
  
  

  
  
  "see the help files... ?'::' " (the first comment) is all you needed from that link. it's def a dup. petition to have it reopened. i'm sure you'll find some sympathetic moderators.
  
  – hrbrmstr
  Jan 11 '17 at 4:18
  
  

  
  
  
  

add a comment | 

This question already has an answer here:

• 
  What are the double colons (::) in R?
  
  2 answers
  
  

I'm wondering how the functions of the :: and ::: operators differ in R.

However, I can't figure out what these operators are called and so a google or SO search has not proven helpful. I also get an error when I try ?:: in R.

So...

1. What are the :: and ::: operators called?




2. How do :: and ::: differ? (i.e., what exactly does each do)?

r operators terminology

share|improve this question

edited Jan 12 '17 at 3:24

theforestecologist

asked Jan 11 '17 at 3:18

theforestecologisttheforestecologist

1,73222648

share|improve this question

edited Jan 12 '17 at 3:24

theforestecologist

asked Jan 11 '17 at 3:18

theforestecologisttheforestecologist

1,73222648

share|improve this question

edited Jan 12 '17 at 3:24

theforestecologist

asked Jan 11 '17 at 3:18

theforestecologisttheforestecologist

1,73222648

asked Jan 11 '17 at 3:18

theforestecologisttheforestecologist

1,73222648

asked Jan 11 '17 at 3:18

theforestecologisttheforestecologist

1,73222648

1 Answer
1

active

oldest

votes

6

It turns out there is a unique way to access help info for operators such as these colons: add quotations marks around the operator. [E.g., ?'::' or help(":::")].

• Also, instead of quotation marks, back-ticks (i.e, ` ) also work.

---

Double Colon Operator and Triple Colon Operator

The answer to the question can be found on the help page for "Double Colon and Triple Colon Operators" (see here).

For a package pkg, pkg::name returns the value of the exported variable name in namespace pkg, whereas pkg:::name returns the value of the internal variable name. The package namespace will be loaded if it was not loaded before the call, but the package will not be attached to the search path.

The difference can be seen by examining the code of each:

> `::`
function (pkg, name) 

 pkg <- as.character(substitute(pkg))
 name <- as.character(substitute(name))
 getExportedValue(pkg, name)

<bytecode: 0x00000000136e2ae8>
<environment: namespace:base>

> `:::`
function (pkg, name) 

 pkg <- as.character(substitute(pkg))
 name <- as.character(substitute(name))
 get(name, envir = asNamespace(pkg), inherits = FALSE)

<bytecode: 0x0000000013482f50>
<environment: namespace:base>

:: calls getExportedValue(pkg, name), returning the value of the exported variable name in the package's namespace.

::: calls get(name, envir = asNamespace(pkg), inherits = FALSE), searching for the object name in the Namespace environment of the package, and returning the value of the internal variable name.

---

So, what exactly is a namespace?

This site does a good job of explaining the concept of namespaces in R. Importantly:

As the name suggests, namespaces provide “spaces” for “names”. They provide a context for looking up the value of an object associated with a name.

share|improve this answer

edited Nov 15 '18 at 18:32

Jeff Hammerbacher

3,38822532

answered Jan 11 '17 at 3:24

theforestecologisttheforestecologist

1,73222648

• 
  
  
  

  
  4
  

  
  
  
  
  
  

  
  
  It means you can do ridiculous things like `::`("stats","sd")(1:5) which is equivalent to sd(1:5)
  
  – thelatemail
  Jan 11 '17 at 3:31
  
  

  
  
  
  

add a comment | 

6

It turns out there is a unique way to access help info for operators such as these colons: add quotations marks around the operator. [E.g., ?'::' or help(":::")].

• Also, instead of quotation marks, back-ticks (i.e, ` ) also work.

---

Double Colon Operator and Triple Colon Operator

The answer to the question can be found on the help page for "Double Colon and Triple Colon Operators" (see here).

For a package pkg, pkg::name returns the value of the exported variable name in namespace pkg, whereas pkg:::name returns the value of the internal variable name. The package namespace will be loaded if it was not loaded before the call, but the package will not be attached to the search path.

The difference can be seen by examining the code of each:

> `::`
function (pkg, name) 

 pkg <- as.character(substitute(pkg))
 name <- as.character(substitute(name))
 getExportedValue(pkg, name)

<bytecode: 0x00000000136e2ae8>
<environment: namespace:base>

> `:::`
function (pkg, name) 

 pkg <- as.character(substitute(pkg))
 name <- as.character(substitute(name))
 get(name, envir = asNamespace(pkg), inherits = FALSE)

<bytecode: 0x0000000013482f50>
<environment: namespace:base>

:: calls getExportedValue(pkg, name), returning the value of the exported variable name in the package's namespace.

::: calls get(name, envir = asNamespace(pkg), inherits = FALSE), searching for the object name in the Namespace environment of the package, and returning the value of the internal variable name.

---

So, what exactly is a namespace?

This site does a good job of explaining the concept of namespaces in R. Importantly:

As the name suggests, namespaces provide “spaces” for “names”. They provide a context for looking up the value of an object associated with a name.

share|improve this answer

edited Nov 15 '18 at 18:32

Jeff Hammerbacher

3,38822532

answered Jan 11 '17 at 3:24

theforestecologisttheforestecologist

1,73222648

• 
  
  
  

  
  4
  

  
  
  
  
  
  

  
  
  It means you can do ridiculous things like `::`("stats","sd")(1:5) which is equivalent to sd(1:5)
  
  – thelatemail
  Jan 11 '17 at 3:31
  
  

  
  
  
  

add a comment | 

6

It turns out there is a unique way to access help info for operators such as these colons: add quotations marks around the operator. [E.g., ?'::' or help(":::")].

• Also, instead of quotation marks, back-ticks (i.e, ` ) also work.

---

Double Colon Operator and Triple Colon Operator

The answer to the question can be found on the help page for "Double Colon and Triple Colon Operators" (see here).

For a package pkg, pkg::name returns the value of the exported variable name in namespace pkg, whereas pkg:::name returns the value of the internal variable name. The package namespace will be loaded if it was not loaded before the call, but the package will not be attached to the search path.

The difference can be seen by examining the code of each:

> `::`
function (pkg, name) 

 pkg <- as.character(substitute(pkg))
 name <- as.character(substitute(name))
 getExportedValue(pkg, name)

<bytecode: 0x00000000136e2ae8>
<environment: namespace:base>

> `:::`
function (pkg, name) 

 pkg <- as.character(substitute(pkg))
 name <- as.character(substitute(name))
 get(name, envir = asNamespace(pkg), inherits = FALSE)

<bytecode: 0x0000000013482f50>
<environment: namespace:base>

:: calls getExportedValue(pkg, name), returning the value of the exported variable name in the package's namespace.

::: calls get(name, envir = asNamespace(pkg), inherits = FALSE), searching for the object name in the Namespace environment of the package, and returning the value of the internal variable name.

---

So, what exactly is a namespace?

This site does a good job of explaining the concept of namespaces in R. Importantly:

As the name suggests, namespaces provide “spaces” for “names”. They provide a context for looking up the value of an object associated with a name.

share|improve this answer

edited Nov 15 '18 at 18:32

Jeff Hammerbacher

3,38822532

answered Jan 11 '17 at 3:24

theforestecologisttheforestecologist

1,73222648

• 
  
  
  

  
  4
  

  
  
  
  
  
  

  
  
  It means you can do ridiculous things like `::`("stats","sd")(1:5) which is equivalent to sd(1:5)
  
  – thelatemail
  Jan 11 '17 at 3:31
  
  

  
  
  
  

add a comment | 

It turns out there is a unique way to access help info for operators such as these colons: add quotations marks around the operator. [E.g., ?'::' or help(":::")].

• Also, instead of quotation marks, back-ticks (i.e, ` ) also work.

---

Double Colon Operator and Triple Colon Operator

The answer to the question can be found on the help page for "Double Colon and Triple Colon Operators" (see here).

For a package pkg, pkg::name returns the value of the exported variable name in namespace pkg, whereas pkg:::name returns the value of the internal variable name. The package namespace will be loaded if it was not loaded before the call, but the package will not be attached to the search path.

The difference can be seen by examining the code of each:

> `::`
function (pkg, name) 

 pkg <- as.character(substitute(pkg))
 name <- as.character(substitute(name))
 getExportedValue(pkg, name)

<bytecode: 0x00000000136e2ae8>
<environment: namespace:base>

> `:::`
function (pkg, name) 

 pkg <- as.character(substitute(pkg))
 name <- as.character(substitute(name))
 get(name, envir = asNamespace(pkg), inherits = FALSE)

<bytecode: 0x0000000013482f50>
<environment: namespace:base>

:: calls getExportedValue(pkg, name), returning the value of the exported variable name in the package's namespace.

::: calls get(name, envir = asNamespace(pkg), inherits = FALSE), searching for the object name in the Namespace environment of the package, and returning the value of the internal variable name.

---

So, what exactly is a namespace?

This site does a good job of explaining the concept of namespaces in R. Importantly:

As the name suggests, namespaces provide “spaces” for “names”. They provide a context for looking up the value of an object associated with a name.

share|improve this answer

edited Nov 15 '18 at 18:32

Jeff Hammerbacher

3,38822532

answered Jan 11 '17 at 3:24

theforestecologisttheforestecologist

1,73222648

> `::`
function (pkg, name) 

 pkg <- as.character(substitute(pkg))
 name <- as.character(substitute(name))
 getExportedValue(pkg, name)

<bytecode: 0x00000000136e2ae8>
<environment: namespace:base>

> `:::`
function (pkg, name) 

 pkg <- as.character(substitute(pkg))
 name <- as.character(substitute(name))
 get(name, envir = asNamespace(pkg), inherits = FALSE)

<bytecode: 0x0000000013482f50>
<environment: namespace:base>

share|improve this answer

edited Nov 15 '18 at 18:32

Jeff Hammerbacher

3,38822532

answered Jan 11 '17 at 3:24

theforestecologisttheforestecologist

1,73222648

edited Nov 15 '18 at 18:32

Jeff Hammerbacher

3,38822532

edited Nov 15 '18 at 18:32

Jeff Hammerbacher

3,38822532

answered Jan 11 '17 at 3:24

theforestecologisttheforestecologist

1,73222648

answered Jan 11 '17 at 3:24

theforestecologisttheforestecologist

1,73222648