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자연로그 목차 역사 복소수의 자연로그 미분 특성 같이 보기 각주 둘러보기 메뉴“The number e”《A History of Mathematics, 5th ed》문서를 완성해

로그초등 특수 함수


e로그Gregoire de Saint-VincentAlphonse Antonio de Sarasa니콜라스 메르카토르존 스페이델오일러의 공식












자연로그




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자연로그 함수 그래프


자연로그(自然log, 영어: natural logarithm)는 e를 밑으로 하는 로그를 뜻한다. 즉, ex=ydisplaystyle e^x=y일 때, ln⁡y=xdisplaystyle ln y=x을 자연로그라 한다.




목차





  • 1 역사


  • 2 복소수의 자연로그


  • 3 미분


  • 4 특성


  • 5 같이 보기


  • 6 각주




역사


자연로그의 개념은 1649년 전 Gregoire de Saint-Vincent와 Alphonse Antonio de Sarasa에 의해 수행되었다.[1]


자연로그에 대한 초기 언급은 1668년 출판된 Logarithmotechnia라는 책에서 니콜라스 메르카토르가 기술하였지만,[2] 수학 교사 존 스페이델이 1619년 자연로그 표를 이미 구성해놓았다.[3]



복소수의 자연로그


로그 함수는 다음과 같이 복소수로 확장할 수 있다. 먼저 오일러의 공식을 보면,


reix=r(cos⁡x+isin⁡x)displaystyle re^ix=r(cos x+isin x)

양변에 자연로그를 씌우면


reix=r(cos⁡x+isin⁡x)displaystyle re^ix=r(cos x+isin x)

∴ln⁡r(cos⁡x+isin⁡x)=ix+ln⁡rdisplaystyle therefore ln r(cos x+isin x)=ix+ln r


미분


y(x)=ln⁡xdisplaystyle y(x)=ln x이면 ydisplaystyle y의 xdisplaystyle x에 대한 미분 dydx=1xdisplaystyle dy over dx=frac 1x이며, 증명은 다음과 같다.


dydx=limΔx→0ln⁡(x+Δx)−ln⁡xΔx=limΔx→01Δxln⁡x+Δxx=limΔx→01Δxln⁡(1+Δxx)=limΔx→0ln⁡(1+Δxx)1Δxdisplaystyle beginaligneddy over dx&=lim _Delta xto 0frac ln(x+Delta x)-ln xDelta x\&=lim _Delta xto 0frac 1Delta xln frac x+Delta xx\&=lim _Delta xto 0frac 1Delta xln(1+frac Delta xx)\&=lim _Delta xto 0ln (1+frac Delta xx)^frac 1Delta x\endaligned

u=Δxxdisplaystyle u=frac Delta xx로 두면, Δx→0displaystyle Delta xto 0일 때 u→0displaystyle uto 0이다. 따라서


dydx=limu→0ln⁡(1+u)1ux=limu→01xln⁡(1+u)1u=1xlimu→0ln⁡(1+u)1u=1xln⁡e=1xdisplaystyle beginaligneddy over dx&=lim _uto 0ln (1+u)^frac 1ux\&=lim _uto 0frac 1xln (1+u)^frac 1u\&=frac 1xlim _uto 0ln (1+u)^frac 1u\&=frac 1xln e=frac 1x\endaligned


특성


  • ln⁡(x)=∫1x1tdtdisplaystyle ln(x)=int _1^xfrac 1t,dt

  • ln⁡(e)=1displaystyle ln(e)=1

  • ln⁡(xy)=ln⁡(x)+ln⁡(y),forx>0,y>0displaystyle ln(xy)=ln(x)+ln(y),quad textforquad x>0,y>0

  • ln⁡(x)<ln⁡(y)for0<x<ydisplaystyle ln(x)<ln(y)quad rm forquad 0<x<y

  • limx→0ln⁡(1+x)x=1displaystyle lim _xto 0frac ln(1+x)x=1

  • limn→0xn−1n=ln⁡xdisplaystyle lim _nto 0frac x^n-1n=ln x

  • ln⁡(xy)=yln⁡(x)forx>0displaystyle ln(x^y)=y,ln(x)quad textforquad x>0

  • x−1x≤ln⁡(x)≤x−1forx>0displaystyle frac x-1xleq ln(x)leq x-1quad rm forquad x>0

  • ln⁡(1+xα)≤αxforx≥0,α≥1displaystyle ln (1+x^alpha )leq alpha xquad rm forquad xgeq 0,alpha geq 1


같이 보기


  • 다중로그


각주




  1. ↑ R. P. Burn (2001) "Alphonse Antonio de Sarasa and Logarithms", Historia Mathematica 28:1 – 17


  2. ↑ J J O'Connor and E F Robertson (September 2001). “The number e”. The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive. 2009년 2월 2일에 확인함. 


  3. ↑ Cajori, Florian (1991). 《A History of Mathematics, 5th ed》. AMS Bookstore. 152쪽. ISBN 0-8218-2102-4. 








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