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Aliphatic compound Contents Structure Properties Examples of aliphatic compounds / non-aromatic References Navigation menualiphatic compounds10.1351/goldbook.A0021700570883

Organic compounds


organic chemistryhydrocarbonscompoundscarbonhydrogenaromatic compoundscyclicbenzenesaturatedhexanehexenehexyneOpen-chain compoundssaturatedalkanesalkenesalkyneshydrogencarbon chainoxygennitrogensulfurchlorinemethaneflammablehydrocarbonsfuelmethaneBunsen burnersliquefied natural gasacetylenewelding










Aliphatic compound


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Acyclic aliphatic/non-aromatic compound (butane)



Cyclic aliphatic/non-aromatic compound (cyclobutane)


In organic chemistry, hydrocarbons (compounds composed of carbon and hydrogen) are divided into two classes: aromatic compounds and aliphatic compounds (/ˌælɪˈfætɪk/; G. aleiphar, fat, oil), also known as non-aromatic compounds. Aliphatics can be cyclic, but only aromatic compounds contain an especially stable ring of atoms, such as benzene.[1] Aliphatic compounds can be saturated, like hexane, or unsaturated, like hexene and hexyne. Open-chain compounds (whether straight or branched) contain no rings of any type, and are thus aliphatic.




Contents





  • 1 Structure


  • 2 Properties


  • 3 Examples of aliphatic compounds / non-aromatic


  • 4 References




Structure


Aliphatic compounds can be saturated, joined by single bonds (alkanes), or unsaturated, with double bonds (alkenes) or triple bonds (alkynes). Besides hydrogen, other elements can be bound to the carbon chain, the most common being oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and chlorine.


The least complex aliphatic compound is methane (CH4).



Properties


Most aliphatic compounds are flammable, allowing the use of hydrocarbons as fuel, such as methane in Bunsen burners and as liquefied natural gas (LNG), and acetylene in welding.



Examples of aliphatic compounds / non-aromatic


The most important aliphatic compounds are:


  • n-, iso- and cyclo-alkanes (saturated hydrocarbons)

  • n-, iso- and cyclo-alkenes and -alkynes (unsaturated hydrocarbons).

Important examples of low-molecular aliphatic compounds can be found in the list below (sorted by the number of carbon-atoms):






































































































FormulaNameStructural FormulaChemical Classification
CH4MethaneMethane-2D-stereo.svgAlkane
C2H2AcetyleneEthyne-2D-flat.pngAlkyne
C2H4EthyleneEthene structural.svgAlkene
C2H6EthaneEthan Lewis.svgAlkane
C3H4PropynePropyne-2D-flat.pngAlkyne
C3H6PropenePropen21.PNGAlkene
C3H8PropanePropane-2D-flat.pngAlkane
C4H61,2-ButadieneButa-1,2-dien.svgDiene
C4H61-ButyneEthylacetylene.svgAlkyne
C4H81-ButeneBut-1-ene-2D-skeletal.pngAlkene
C4H10ButaneButane-2D-flat.pngAlkane
C6H10CyclohexeneCyclohexen - Cyclohexene.svgCycloalkene
C5H12
n-pentane		Pentan Skelett.svgAlkane
C7H14CycloheptaneCycloheptane.svgCycloalkane
C7H14MethylcyclohexaneMethylcyclohexane.pngCyclohexane
C8H8CubaneCuban.svgOctane
C9H20NonaneNonan Skelett.svgAlkane
C10H12DicyclopentadieneDi-Cyclopentadiene ENDO & EXO V.2.svgDiene, Cycloalkene
C10H16Phellandrene
Phellandrene alpha.svgPhellandrene beta.svg		Terpene, Diene Cycloalkene
C10H16α-TerpineneAlpha-Terpinene Structure V.1.svgTerpene, Cycloalkene, Diene
C10H16Limonene
(R)-Limonen.svg(S)-Limonen.svg		Terpene, Diene, Cycloalkene
C11H24UndecaneUndecan Skelett.svgAlkane
C30H50SqualeneSqualene.svgTerpene, Polyene
C2nH4nPolyethylenePolyethylene repeat unit.svgAlkane


References



  1. ^ IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version:  (1995) "aliphatic compounds". doi:10.1351/goldbook.A00217










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