Skip to main content

Tandas Jenis tandas | Bacaan lanjut | Pautan luar | Menu pandu arahFlushed with success: new waste-reducing design in modern toiletry by Jim Motavalli. E: The Environmental Magazine, March-April, 1998Garden Houses and Privies, Authentic Details for Design and Restoration by Peter Joel Harrison. John Wiley & Sons, 2002. ISBN 0-471-20332-7 Member of the Outhouse Wall of FameCompendium of Sanitation Systems and TechnologiesToiletsBathing Area, Mohenjo-daro, Sindh<Loo and Behold!— A Toilet Museum!Kaivot Ja Käymälät: Johdatus Historiaan Esimerkkinä Suomi (A Brief History of Wells and Toilets - The Case of Finland)Who invented the toiletA History of the flush toiletPoop Culture: How America is Shaped by its Grossest National Product

Halaman dengan petikan menggunakan parameter yang tidak disokongTandas


kencingbahan najismuntahhaidtandas curahHarappaMohenjo-daroIndiaPakistan












Tandas




Daripada Wikipedia, ensiklopedia bebas.






Jump to navigation
Jump to search




Tandas dengan tangki tinggi dan tali yang dipasang pada tuil injap pelepasan.




Tandas yang mempunyai stail Delftware.





Tandas luar pada awal kurun ke-20 yang masih terpelihara di bandar tanpa orang di Padang Gurun Arizona, Amerika Syarikat.


Tandas adalah sistem paip yang tujuan utamanya adalah bagi menyingkir bahan buangan manusia: kencing dan bahan najis. Selain itu, muntah dan buangan haid juga kadang kala dibuang dalam tandas bagi sesetengah kebudayaan. Perkataan tandas menggambarkan mangkuk tersebut dan, terutamanya dalam Inggeris British, bilik yang memiliki mangkuk tandas. Dalam Inggeris Amerika, ini biasanya dikenali sebagai bilik rehat atau bilik air. Perkataan yang kemudiannya seringkali menggambarkan bilik yang turut mengandungi tub mandi. Bilik dengan hanya tandas dan singki kadang kala dikenali sebagai separa-bilik air, separa mandi, atau bilik solek (powder room).



Jenis tandas |




Tandas cangkung sebagaimana yang terdapat di sebahagian Eropah dan Asia.


Kebanyakan tandas di negara membangun adalah tandas curah, di mana air mengalir bahan kumbahan ke sistem pembentungan.


Terdapat dua jenis asas tandas moden: tandas kering dan tandas curah basah, yang kedua lebih biasa dan menghasilkan air kumbahan. Tandas komposit tidak memerlukan sistem pembentungan atau menggunakan air untuk menyalir keluar tetapi sering disambung dengan sistem pengudaraan.


Sebelum kegunaan tandas curah moden, kebanyakan pembuangan najis dilakukan di tandas luar rumah. Bagaimanapun bandar kuno Kebudayaan Lembah Indus, e.g., Harappa[1] dan Mohenjo-daro[2], yang terletak pada masa kini di India dan Pakistan, memuliki tandas curah yang bersambung dengan sistem kumbahan sofsikated[3]—dan bentuk tandas lain turut juga digunakan pada masa Rom dan Mesir Silam.[4] Sungguhpun awalan pada sistem tandas curah moden direka pada tahun 1596 oleh pencipta John Harington,[5] tandas tidak digunakan secara meluas sehingga lewat kurun ke-19 apabila ia dipasang di kediaman kelas atasan British.[6]



Bacaan lanjut |


  • Flushed with success: new waste-reducing design in modern toiletry by Jim Motavalli. E: The Environmental Magazine, March-April, 1998


  • Garden Houses and Privies, Authentic Details for Design and Restoration by Peter Joel Harrison. John Wiley & Sons, 2002. ISBN 0-471-20332-7 Member of the Outhouse Wall of Fame


  • Slanguage - a Dictionary of Irish slang by Bernard Share. (Dublin,1997) ISBN 0-7171-2683-8


  • Temples of Convenience - And Chambers of Delight by Lucinda Lambton (NPI Media Group, 2006) ISBN 0-7524-3893-X


  • Thunder, Flush and Thomas Crapper by Adam Hart-Davis (Michael O'Mara Books, 1997), ISBN 1-57076-081-0.


  • Clean and Decent - The Fascinating History of the Bathroom and the Water Closet by Lawrence Wright (Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, 1960).


  • Teresi, Dick (2002). Lost Discoveries: The Ancient Roots of Modern Science--from the Babylonians to the Maya. New York: Simon & Schuster. m/s. 351–352. ISBN 0-684-83718-8.  Parameter |coauthors= tidak diketahui diabaikan (guna |author=) (bantuan)


  • Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies - freely available PDF.


Pautan luar |





  • Toilets di Projek Direktori Terbuka

  1. ^ Bathing Area, Mohenjo-daro, Sindh<


  2. ^ Loo and Behold!— A Toilet Museum!, Anurag Yadav, the-south-asian.com, April 2004.


  3. ^ Kaivot Ja Käymälät: Johdatus Historiaan Esimerkkinä Suomi (A Brief History of Wells and Toilets - The Case of Finland), Petri S. Juuti and Katri J. Wallenius, Tampere University Press, ePublications, Tampere, 2005.


  4. ^ Who invented the toilet


  5. ^ A History of the flush toilet


  6. ^ Poop Culture: How America is Shaped by its Grossest National Product, Dave Praeger, ISBN 1-932595-21-X









Diambil daripada "https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tandas&oldid=4196528"










Menu pandu arah



























(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function()mw.config.set("wgPageParseReport":"limitreport":"cputime":"0.112","walltime":"0.161","ppvisitednodes":"value":175,"limit":1000000,"ppgeneratednodes":"value":0,"limit":1500000,"postexpandincludesize":"value":3969,"limit":2097152,"templateargumentsize":"value":174,"limit":2097152,"expansiondepth":"value":8,"limit":40,"expensivefunctioncount":"value":0,"limit":500,"unstrip-depth":"value":0,"limit":20,"unstrip-size":"value":2575,"limit":5000000,"entityaccesscount":"value":0,"limit":400,"timingprofile":["100.00% 91.976 1 -total"," 79.35% 72.980 1 Templat:Cite_book"," 17.66% 16.242 1 Templat:Commons"," 14.04% 12.915 1 Templat:Sister"," 10.63% 9.777 1 Templat:Side_box"," 2.80% 2.573 1 Templat:Dmoz"],"scribunto":"limitreport-timeusage":"value":"0.032","limit":"10.000","limitreport-memusage":"value":1373265,"limit":52428800,"cachereport":"origin":"mw1333","timestamp":"20190520114948","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false););"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Tandas","url":"https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tandas","sameAs":"http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q7857","mainEntity":"http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q7857","author":"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects","publisher":"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://www.wikimedia.org/static/images/wmf-hor-googpub.png","datePublished":"2011-03-30T23:53:29Z","dateModified":"2017-11-23T11:19:58Z","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Old_toilet_with_elevated_cistern_and_chain.jpg"(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function()mw.config.set("wgBackendResponseTime":160,"wgHostname":"mw1262"););

Popular posts from this blog

Kamusi Yaliyomo Aina za kamusi | Muundo wa kamusi | Faida za kamusi | Dhima ya picha katika kamusi | Marejeo | Tazama pia | Viungo vya nje | UrambazajiKuhusu kamusiGo-SwahiliWiki-KamusiKamusi ya Kiswahili na Kiingerezakuihariri na kuongeza habari

SQL error code 1064 with creating Laravel foreign keysForeign key constraints: When to use ON UPDATE and ON DELETEDropping column with foreign key Laravel error: General error: 1025 Error on renameLaravel SQL Can't create tableLaravel Migration foreign key errorLaravel php artisan migrate:refresh giving a syntax errorSQLSTATE[42S01]: Base table or view already exists or Base table or view already exists: 1050 Tableerror in migrating laravel file to xampp serverSyntax error or access violation: 1064:syntax to use near 'unsigned not null, modelName varchar(191) not null, title varchar(191) not nLaravel cannot create new table field in mysqlLaravel 5.7:Last migration creates table but is not registered in the migration table

은진 송씨 목차 역사 본관 분파 인물 조선 왕실과의 인척 관계 집성촌 항렬자 인구 같이 보기 각주 둘러보기 메뉴은진 송씨세종실록 149권, 지리지 충청도 공주목 은진현