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Tandas Jenis tandas | Bacaan lanjut | Pautan luar | Menu pandu arahFlushed with success: new waste-reducing design in modern toiletry by Jim Motavalli. E: The Environmental Magazine, March-April, 1998Garden Houses and Privies, Authentic Details for Design and Restoration by Peter Joel Harrison. John Wiley & Sons, 2002. ISBN 0-471-20332-7 Member of the Outhouse Wall of FameCompendium of Sanitation Systems and TechnologiesToiletsBathing Area, Mohenjo-daro, Sindh<Loo and Behold!— A Toilet Museum!Kaivot Ja Käymälät: Johdatus Historiaan Esimerkkinä Suomi (A Brief History of Wells and Toilets - The Case of Finland)Who invented the toiletA History of the flush toiletPoop Culture: How America is Shaped by its Grossest National Product

Halaman dengan petikan menggunakan parameter yang tidak disokongTandas


kencingbahan najismuntahhaidtandas curahHarappaMohenjo-daroIndiaPakistan












Tandas




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Tandas dengan tangki tinggi dan tali yang dipasang pada tuil injap pelepasan.




Tandas yang mempunyai stail Delftware.





Tandas luar pada awal kurun ke-20 yang masih terpelihara di bandar tanpa orang di Padang Gurun Arizona, Amerika Syarikat.


Tandas adalah sistem paip yang tujuan utamanya adalah bagi menyingkir bahan buangan manusia: kencing dan bahan najis. Selain itu, muntah dan buangan haid juga kadang kala dibuang dalam tandas bagi sesetengah kebudayaan. Perkataan tandas menggambarkan mangkuk tersebut dan, terutamanya dalam Inggeris British, bilik yang memiliki mangkuk tandas. Dalam Inggeris Amerika, ini biasanya dikenali sebagai bilik rehat atau bilik air. Perkataan yang kemudiannya seringkali menggambarkan bilik yang turut mengandungi tub mandi. Bilik dengan hanya tandas dan singki kadang kala dikenali sebagai separa-bilik air, separa mandi, atau bilik solek (powder room).



Jenis tandas |




Tandas cangkung sebagaimana yang terdapat di sebahagian Eropah dan Asia.


Kebanyakan tandas di negara membangun adalah tandas curah, di mana air mengalir bahan kumbahan ke sistem pembentungan.


Terdapat dua jenis asas tandas moden: tandas kering dan tandas curah basah, yang kedua lebih biasa dan menghasilkan air kumbahan. Tandas komposit tidak memerlukan sistem pembentungan atau menggunakan air untuk menyalir keluar tetapi sering disambung dengan sistem pengudaraan.


Sebelum kegunaan tandas curah moden, kebanyakan pembuangan najis dilakukan di tandas luar rumah. Bagaimanapun bandar kuno Kebudayaan Lembah Indus, e.g., Harappa[1] dan Mohenjo-daro[2], yang terletak pada masa kini di India dan Pakistan, memuliki tandas curah yang bersambung dengan sistem kumbahan sofsikated[3]—dan bentuk tandas lain turut juga digunakan pada masa Rom dan Mesir Silam.[4] Sungguhpun awalan pada sistem tandas curah moden direka pada tahun 1596 oleh pencipta John Harington,[5] tandas tidak digunakan secara meluas sehingga lewat kurun ke-19 apabila ia dipasang di kediaman kelas atasan British.[6]



Bacaan lanjut |


  • Flushed with success: new waste-reducing design in modern toiletry by Jim Motavalli. E: The Environmental Magazine, March-April, 1998


  • Garden Houses and Privies, Authentic Details for Design and Restoration by Peter Joel Harrison. John Wiley & Sons, 2002. ISBN 0-471-20332-7 Member of the Outhouse Wall of Fame


  • Slanguage - a Dictionary of Irish slang by Bernard Share. (Dublin,1997) ISBN 0-7171-2683-8


  • Temples of Convenience - And Chambers of Delight by Lucinda Lambton (NPI Media Group, 2006) ISBN 0-7524-3893-X


  • Thunder, Flush and Thomas Crapper by Adam Hart-Davis (Michael O'Mara Books, 1997), ISBN 1-57076-081-0.


  • Clean and Decent - The Fascinating History of the Bathroom and the Water Closet by Lawrence Wright (Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, 1960).


  • Teresi, Dick (2002). Lost Discoveries: The Ancient Roots of Modern Science--from the Babylonians to the Maya. New York: Simon & Schuster. m/s. 351–352. ISBN 0-684-83718-8.  Parameter |coauthors= tidak diketahui diabaikan (guna |author=) (bantuan)


  • Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies - freely available PDF.


Pautan luar |





  • Toilets di Projek Direktori Terbuka

  1. ^ Bathing Area, Mohenjo-daro, Sindh<


  2. ^ Loo and Behold!— A Toilet Museum!, Anurag Yadav, the-south-asian.com, April 2004.


  3. ^ Kaivot Ja Käymälät: Johdatus Historiaan Esimerkkinä Suomi (A Brief History of Wells and Toilets - The Case of Finland), Petri S. Juuti and Katri J. Wallenius, Tampere University Press, ePublications, Tampere, 2005.


  4. ^ Who invented the toilet


  5. ^ A History of the flush toilet


  6. ^ Poop Culture: How America is Shaped by its Grossest National Product, Dave Praeger, ISBN 1-932595-21-X









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